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分布式并发场景的核心问题与解决方案

一、核心问题分析

1. 分布式事务问题

在分布式环境下，一个业务操作可能横跨多个服务，比如创建订单时涉及：

• 订单服务：创建订单
• 库存服务：扣减库存
• 支付服务：冻结余额
• 积分服务：赠送积分

可能出现的问题：

• 部分服务成功，部分服务失败
• 网络超时导致事务状态不确定
• 服务宕机导致事务中断

2. 数据一致性问题

在分布式系统中，由于CAP理论的限制，我们通常需要在一致性和可用性之间做出选择。

典型场景：

• 主从数据库的数据同步延迟
• 分布式缓存的数据一致性
• 跨服务的数据依赖

3. 并发控制问题

多个节点同时处理请求时的并发控制：

• 超卖问题
• 重复下单
• 数据竞争

4. 分布式锁失效问题

• Redis主从切换导致锁失效
• 时钟不同步导致的锁判断错误
• 网络分区导致的锁状态不一致

二、解决方案

1. 分布式事务解决方案

1.1 可靠消息最终一致性方案

@Service
@Slf4j
public class OrderServiceImpl implements OrderService {@Autowiredprivate RocketMQTemplate rocketMQTemplate;@Autowiredprivate OrderMapper orderMapper;@Autowiredprivate MessageMapper messageMapper;@Transactional(rollbackFor = Exception.class)public void createOrder(OrderDTO orderDTO) {// 1. 事务消息表记录TransactionMessage message = new TransactionMessage();message.setMessageId(UUID.randomUUID().toString());message.setMessage(JSON.toJSONString(orderDTO));message.setStatus(MessageStatus.PREPARING);messageMapper.insert(message);// 2. 创建订单Order order = convertToOrder(orderDTO);orderMapper.insert(order);// 3. 发送事务消息sendTransactionMessage(message);}private void sendTransactionMessage(TransactionMessage message) {Message msg = MessageBuilder.withPayload(message).setHeader("messageId", message.getMessageId()).build();TransactionSendResult result = rocketMQTemplate.sendMessageInTransaction("ORDER_TOPIC",msg,null);if (result.getLocalTransactionState() != LocalTransactionState.COMMIT_MESSAGE) {throw new BusinessException("发送事务消息失败");}}
}

消息消费者实现：

@Component
@RocketMQMessageListener(topic = "ORDER_TOPIC",consumerGroup = "order-consumer-group"
)
public class OrderMessageListener implements RocketMQListener<Message> {@Autowiredprivate StockService stockService;@Autowiredprivate MessageMapper messageMapper;@Overridepublic void onMessage(Message message) {String messageId = message.getHeaders().get("messageId", String.class);// 1. 检查消息是否已处理if (messageMapper.checkProcessed(messageId)) {return;}try {// 2. 处理业务逻辑TransactionMessage txMessage = JSON.parseObject(new String((byte[]) message.getPayload()),TransactionMessage.class);OrderDTO orderDTO = JSON.parseObject(txMessage.getMessage(),OrderDTO.class);// 3. 扣减库存stockService.decreaseStock(orderDTO.getProductId(), orderDTO.getQuantity());// 4. 更新消息状态messageMapper.markAsProcessed(messageId);} catch (Exception e) {// 5. 失败处理messageMapper.markAsFailed(messageId, e.getMessage());// 根据业务需求决定是否抛出异常重试throw e;}}
}

1.2 TCC方案实现

@Service
public class OrderTccServiceImpl implements OrderTccService {@Autowiredprivate OrderMapper orderMapper;@Autowiredprivate StockTccService stockTccService;@Autowiredprivate PaymentTccService paymentTccService;@GlobalTransactionalpublic void createOrder(OrderDTO orderDTO) {// 1. Try阶段// 1.1 订单服务TryOrder order = prepareTryOrder(orderDTO);// 1.2 库存服务TrystockTccService.tryDecrease(orderDTO.getProductId(),orderDTO.getQuantity());// 1.3 支付服务TrypaymentTccService.tryFreeze(orderDTO.getUserId(),orderDTO.getAmount());}// Try阶段的订单处理private Order prepareTryOrder(OrderDTO orderDTO) {Order order = convertToOrder(orderDTO);order.setStatus(OrderStatus.TRY);orderMapper.insert(order);return order;}// Confirm阶段的订单处理public void confirmOrder(BusinessActionContext context) {String orderId = context.getActionContext("orderId").toString();Order order = orderMapper.selectById(orderId);order.setStatus(OrderStatus.CONFIRMED);orderMapper.updateById(order);}// Cancel阶段的订单处理public void cancelOrder(BusinessActionContext context) {String orderId = context.getActionContext("orderId").toString();Order order = orderMapper.selectById(orderId);order.setStatus(OrderStatus.CANCELED);orderMapper.updateById(order);}
}

2. 缓存一致性解决方案

2.1 延迟双删策略

@Service
public class ProductServiceImpl implements ProductService {@Autowiredprivate ProductMapper productMapper;@Autowiredprivate RedisTemplate<String, Product> redisTemplate;@Autowiredprivate ThreadPoolExecutor threadPoolExecutor;private static final String PRODUCT_CACHE_KEY = "product:";private static final long DELAY_DELETE_TIME = 1000; // 1秒@Transactional(rollbackFor = Exception.class)public void updateProduct(Product product) {// 1. 删除缓存String cacheKey = PRODUCT_CACHE_KEY + product.getId();redisTemplate.delete(cacheKey);// 2. 更新数据库productMapper.updateById(product);// 3. 延迟双删threadPoolExecutor.execute(() -> {try {Thread.sleep(DELAY_DELETE_TIME);redisTemplate.delete(cacheKey);} catch (InterruptedException e) {Thread.currentThread().interrupt();log.error("延迟双删失败", e);}});}
}

2.2 Canal方案

@Component
public class ProductCanalClient {@Autowiredprivate RedisTemplate<String, Product> redisTemplate;@Listen(table = "product")public void handleProductChange(CanalEntry.Entry entry) {if (entry.getEntryType() == CanalEntry.EntryType.ROWDATA) {CanalEntry.RowChange rowChange = entry.getRowChange();for (CanalEntry.RowData rowData : rowChange.getRowDatasList()) {if (rowChange.getEventType() == CanalEntry.EventType.UPDATE) {// 处理更新事件handleProductUpdate(rowData);} else if (rowChange.getEventType() == CanalEntry.EventType.DELETE) {// 处理删除事件handleProductDelete(rowData);}}}}private void handleProductUpdate(CanalEntry.RowData rowData) {// 解析变更数据Map<String, String> data = parseRowData(rowData.getAfterColumnsList());String productId = data.get("id");// 更新缓存String cacheKey = "product:" + productId;Product product = convertToProduct(data);redisTemplate.opsForValue().set(cacheKey, product);}
}

3. 并发控制解决方案

3.1 基于Redis的原子操作

@Service
public class StockService {@Autowiredprivate StringRedisTemplate redisTemplate;private static final String STOCK_KEY = "product:stock:";public boolean decreaseStock(Long productId, Integer quantity) {String key = STOCK_KEY + productId;// Lua脚本保证原子性String script = "local stock = redis.call('get', KEYS[1]) " +"if stock and tonumber(stock) >= tonumber(ARGV[1]) then " +"    return redis.call('decrby', KEYS[1], ARGV[1]) " +"end " +"return -1";DefaultRedisScript<Long> redisScript = new DefaultRedisScript<>();redisScript.setScriptText(script);redisScript.setResultType(Long.class);Long result = redisTemplate.execute(redisScript,Collections.singletonList(key),quantity.toString());return result != null && result >= 0;}
}

3.2 防重复提交

@Aspect
@Component
public class RepeatSubmitAspect {@Autowiredprivate StringRedisTemplate redisTemplate;@Around("@annotation(repeatSubmit)")public Object around(ProceedingJoinPoint joinPoint, RepeatSubmit repeatSubmit) throws Throwable {HttpServletRequest request = ((ServletRequestAttributes) RequestContextHolder.getRequestAttributes()).getRequest();String token = request.getHeader("token");String key = getRepeatSubmitKey(joinPoint, token);// 使用Redis的setIfAbsent实现防重boolean isNotRepeat = redisTemplate.opsForValue().setIfAbsent(key,"1",repeatSubmit.interval(),TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS);if (!isNotRepeat) {throw new BusinessException("请勿重复提交");}return joinPoint.proceed();}
}

三、系统监控与告警

1. 分布式链路追踪

@Configuration
public class SleuthConfig {@Beanpublic Sampler defaultSampler() {return Sampler.ALWAYS_SAMPLE;}
}

2. 监控指标收集

@Component
public class DistributedMetrics {@Autowiredprivate MeterRegistry registry;// 记录分布式锁获取情况private Counter lockCounter;private Timer lockTimer;@PostConstructpublic void init() {lockCounter = registry.counter("distributed.lock.acquire");lockTimer = registry.timer("distributed.lock.time");}public void recordLockAcquire(String lockKey, boolean success) {lockCounter.increment();Tags tags = Tags.of("lock_key", lockKey,"success", String.valueOf(success));registry.counter("distributed.lock.acquire", tags).increment();}public void recordLockTime(String lockKey, long timeMillis) {lockTimer.record(timeMillis, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS);}
}

四、最佳实践建议

1. 业务设计层面：

   • 尽量避免复杂分布式事务
   • 考虑业务可补偿性
   • 合理设计重试机制

2. 技术选型层面：

   • 优先考虑消息队列解耦
   • 合理使用缓存
   • 选择合适的分布式事务方案

3. 监控运维层面：

   • 完善的监控系统
   • 合理的告警阈值
   • 灾难恢复预案

4. 性能优化层面：

   • 合理的数据分片策略
   • 避免长事务
   • 批量处理优化

五、注意事项

1. 数据库层面：

   • 避免大事务
   • 合理设计索引
   • 注意死锁问题

2. 缓存层面：

   • 防止缓存雪崩
   • 注意缓存穿透
   • 合理设置过期时间

3. 消息队列层面：

   • 保证消息可靠性
   • 处理重复消息
   • 注意消息顺序性

4. 分布式锁层面：

   • 防止锁失效
   • 避免死锁
   • 合理设置超时时间