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做网站浏览器,企业关键词排名优化网址,一级b,育儿哪个网站做的好安卓硬件加速本文基于安卓11。从 Android 3.0 (API 级别 11) 开始，Android 2D 渲染管道支持硬件加速，这意味着在 View 的画布上执行的所有绘图操作都使用 GPU。由于启用硬件加速所需的资源增加，你的应用程序将消耗更多内存。软件绘制&am…

安卓硬件加速
本文基于安卓11。

从 Android 3.0 (API 级别 11) 开始，Android 2D 渲染管道支持硬件加速，这意味着在 View 的画布上执行的所有绘图操作都使用 GPU。由于启用硬件加速所需的资源增加，你的应用程序将消耗更多内存。

软件绘制：

Invalidate the hierarchy
Draw the hierarchy

软件绘制在每次draw时都需要执行大量操作，比如一个Button位于另一个View上，当Button执行invalidate()，系统也重新绘制View尽管它什么都没有改变。

和硬件加速绘制：

Invalidate the hierarchy
Record and update display lists
Draw the display lists

和软件绘制不同，硬件绘制不是立即执行绘制操作，而是UI线程把繁杂的绘制操作记录保存在display list当中，renderThread执行其中的绘制命令，对比软件绘制，硬件绘制只需要记录和更新dirty的View，也就是执行了invalidate()的View，其他的View可以重用display list中的记录。

其具体实现在hwui模块。
hwui UML:

1. RenderProxy

RenderProxy作为hwui提供给应用的功能接口，应用层通过ThreadedRenderer调用RenderProxy，RenderProxy内部持有RenderThread、CanvasContext、DrawFrameTask对象，CanvasContext拥有实际操作画面的能力，DrawFrameTask是对CanvasContext能力的封装。

ThreadedRenderer继承自HardwareRenderer，HardwareRenderer持有mNativeProxy变量，作为native层hwlib模块RenderProxy的引用。

RenderProxy提供了setSurface(), syncAndDrawFrame(), 等API供应用使用。

2. RenderThread

//ThreadedRenderer.java
void draw(View view, AttachInfo attachInfo, DrawCallbacks callbacks) {final Choreographer choreographer = attachInfo.mViewRootImpl.mChoreographer;choreographer.mFrameInfo.markDrawStart();updateRootDisplayList(view, callbacks);// register animating rendernodes which started animating prior to renderer// creation, which is typical for animators started prior to first drawif (attachInfo.mPendingAnimatingRenderNodes != null) {final int count = attachInfo.mPendingAnimatingRenderNodes.size();for (int i = 0; i < count; i++) {registerAnimatingRenderNode(attachInfo.mPendingAnimatingRenderNodes.get(i));}attachInfo.mPendingAnimatingRenderNodes.clear();// We don't need this anymore as subsequent calls to// ViewRootImpl#attachRenderNodeAnimator will go directly to us.attachInfo.mPendingAnimatingRenderNodes = null;}int syncResult = syncAndDrawFrame(choreographer.mFrameInfo);if ((syncResult & SYNC_LOST_SURFACE_REWARD_IF_FOUND) != 0) {Log.w("OpenGLRenderer", "Surface lost, forcing relayout");// We lost our surface. For a relayout next frame which should give us a new// surface from WindowManager, which hopefully will work.attachInfo.mViewRootImpl.mForceNextWindowRelayout = true;attachInfo.mViewRootImpl.requestLayout();}if ((syncResult & SYNC_REDRAW_REQUESTED) != 0) {attachInfo.mViewRootImpl.invalidate();}
}

对于硬件加速的设备，绘制时启动新线程RenderThread负责绘制工作，RenderThread继承Thread类，但不是指Java层的ThreadedRenderer类，而是native层hwui的RenderThread，可以理解为Java层的ThreadedRenderer作为RenderThread的一个接口。

ThreadedRenderer的draw方法主要有两个步骤。

更新DisplayList，updateRootDisplayList：

更新DisplayList，分为LAYER_TYPE_SOFTWARE、LAYER_TYPE_HARDWARE两种情况：

LAYER_TYPE_SOFTWARE：drawBitmap，每个View缓存了Bitmap对象mDrawingCache。
LAYER_TYPE_HARDWARE: 更新DisplayList。

同步并提交绘制请求，syncAndDrawFrame：Syncs the RenderNode tree to the render thread and requests a frame to be drawn.

syncAndDrawFrame通过上述引用调用RenderProxy的syncAndDrawFrame方法，RenderProxy在RenderThread添加一个新的任务，执行DrawFrameTask的run()方法。

3. ReliableSurface

Surface初始化完成后，就可以把它传递给hwui模块的RenderProxy、CanvasContext、IRenderPipeline等对象使用。

//ViewRootImpl.java
private void performTraversals() {bool surfaceCreated = !hadSurface && mSurface.isValid();bool surfaceDestroyed = hadSurface && !mSurface.isValid();bool surfaceReplaced = (surfaceGenerationId != mSurface.getGenerationId())&& mSurface.isValid();if (surfaceCreated) {if (mAttachInfo.mThreadedRenderer != null) {hwInitialized = mAttachInfo.mThreadedRenderer.initialize(mSurface);if (hwInitialized && (host.mPrivateFlags& View.PFLAG_REQUEST_TRANSPARENT_REGIONS) == 0) {// Don't pre-allocate if transparent regions// are requested as they may not be neededmAttachInfo.mThreadedRenderer.allocateBuffers();}}} else if (surfaceDestroyed) {if (mAttachInfo.mThreadedRenderer != null &&mAttachInfo.mThreadedRenderer.isEnabled()) {mAttachInfo.mThreadedRenderer.destroy();}} else if ((surfaceReplaced|| surfaceSizeChanged || windowRelayoutWasForced || colorModeChanged) {mAttachInfo.mThreadedRenderer.updateSurface(mSurface);}
}

ViewRootImpl判断surface状态是否是创建（surfaceCreated）、销毁（surfaceDestroyed）或者更新（surfaceReplaced|Changed），创建销毁和更新都是执行的同一个方法，销毁的时候setSurface(null)，创建和更新setSurface(mSurface)。

mThreadedRenderer将mSurface通过RenderProxy传递给CanvasContext，更新其mNativeSurface变量std::unique_ptr<ReliableSurface> mNativeSurface;。

ReliableSurface持有类变量ANativeWindow* mWindow;，是ANativeWindow的装饰者模式，ANativeWindow提供了扩展接口，使ReliableSurface可以在不改变现有对象结构的情况下，动态地向Surface对象添加功能，在其init()方法中通过添加拦截器，通过ANativeWindow扩展接口，将ReliableSurface的方法动态插入到Surface的接口中，通过拦截和管理ANativeWindow的操作，增强了对图形缓冲区的控制，从而提升系统的稳定性和渲染效果，例如检查缓冲区的状态是否合法、在操作失败时尝试恢复或提供警告、优化缓冲区的分配和释放逻辑等。

//ReliableSurface.cpp
void ReliableSurface::init() {int result = ANativeWindow_setCancelBufferInterceptor(mWindow, hook_cancelBuffer, this);LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(result != NO_ERROR, "Failed to set cancelBuffer interceptor: error = %d",result);result = ANativeWindow_setDequeueBufferInterceptor(mWindow, hook_dequeueBuffer, this);LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(result != NO_ERROR, "Failed to set dequeueBuffer interceptor: error = %d",result);result = ANativeWindow_setQueueBufferInterceptor(mWindow, hook_queueBuffer, this);LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(result != NO_ERROR, "Failed to set queueBuffer interceptor: error = %d",result);result = ANativeWindow_setPerformInterceptor(mWindow, hook_perform, this);LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(result != NO_ERROR, "Failed to set perform interceptor: error = %d",result);result = ANativeWindow_setQueryInterceptor(mWindow, hook_query, this);LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(result != NO_ERROR, "Failed to set query interceptor: error = %d",result);
}

ANativeWindow提供了ANativeWindow_setCancelBufferInterceptor、ANativeWindow_setDequeueBufferInterceptor、ANativeWindow_setQueueBufferInterceptor等扩展接口，ReliableSurface分别用自己的hook_cancelBuffer、hook_dequeueBuffer、hook_queueBuffer等方法替代native层Surface的实现。

//ANativeWindow.cpp
int ANativeWindow_setDequeueBufferInterceptor(ANativeWindow* window,ANativeWindow_dequeueBufferInterceptor interceptor,void* data) {return window->perform(window, NATIVE_WINDOW_SET_DEQUEUE_INTERCEPTOR, interceptor, data);
}

ANativeWindow提供的扩展接口。

//window.h
int     (*perform)(struct ANativeWindow* window,int operation, ... );

Surface作为ANativeWindow的接口实现，实现了perform方法。

//Surface.cpp
int Surface::perform(int operation, va_list args)
{int res = NO_ERROR;switch (operation) {case NATIVE_WINDOW_SET_DEQUEUE_INTERCEPTOR:res = dispatchAddDequeueInterceptor(args);break;}return res;
}
int Surface::dispatchAddDequeueInterceptor(va_list args) {ANativeWindow_dequeueBufferInterceptor interceptor =va_arg(args, ANativeWindow_dequeueBufferInterceptor);void* data = va_arg(args, void*);std::lock_guard<std::shared_mutex> lock(mInterceptorMutex);mDequeueInterceptor = interceptor;mDequeueInterceptorData = data;return NO_ERROR;
}

将ReliableSurface的hook_dequeueBuffer实现赋值给了Surface的mDequeueInterceptor变量，Surface在hook_dequeueBuffer时检查拦截器是否为空，如果不为空的话调用拦截器的操作。

//Surface.cpp
int Surface::hook_dequeueBuffer(ANativeWindow* window,ANativeWindowBuffer** buffer, int* fenceFd) {Surface* c = getSelf(window);{std::shared_lock<std::shared_mutex> lock(c->mInterceptorMutex);if (c->mDequeueInterceptor != nullptr) {auto interceptor = c->mDequeueInterceptor;auto data = c->mDequeueInterceptorData;return interceptor(window, Surface::dequeueBufferInternal, data, buffer, fenceFd);}}return c->dequeueBuffer(buffer, fenceFd);
}

Surface的hook_dequeueBuffer在其构造函数中被绑定到ANativeWindow的dequeueBuffer函数指针上，从此dequeueBuffer都会调用ReliableSurface动态插入的hook_dequeueBuffer方法。

4. IRenderPipeline

前面说到应用层ViewRootImple实例化Surface对象通过RenderProxy接口传递给hwui模块，CanvasContext、IRenderPipeline对象需要Surface对象开始图形绘制工作，安卓支持两种渲染管线，OpenGL和Vulkan，这里是OpenGL的实现SkiaOpenGLPipeline，SkiaOpenGLPipeline通过使用跨平台的接口EGL管理OpenGL ES的上下文，可以看作是OpenGL ES提供给应用的接口。

setSurface(mSurface)最终SkiaOpenGLPipeline通过EglManager调用eglCreateWindowSurface，将窗口对象mSurface作为参数，EGL 创建一个新的 EGLSurface 对象，并将其连接到窗口对象的 BufferQueue 的生产方接口，此后，渲染到该 EGLSurface 会导致一个缓冲区离开队列、进行渲染，然后排队等待消费方使用。

setSurface(null)在!mSurface.isValid()时调用，判断当前是否需要保留或者丢弃buffer，最终通过eglSurfaceAttrib改变EGL的buffer行为。

eglCreateWindowSurface只是创建了一个EGLSurface，还需要等到应用请求提交当前帧eglSwapBuffersWithDamageKHR发出绘制命令才能看到绘制的画面。

4.1 EGLSurface

关注一下EGLSurface是怎么创建的，它和Surface的关系是什么。

//SkiaOpenGLPipeline.cpp
bool SkiaOpenGLPipeline::setSurface(ANativeWindow* surface, SwapBehavior swapBehavior) {if (surface) {mRenderThread.requireGlContext();auto newSurface = mEglManager.createSurface(surface, mColorMode, mSurfaceColorSpace);if (!newSurface) {return false;}mEglSurface = newSurface.unwrap();}
}

传递ANativeWindow* surface给EglManager。

Result<EGLSurface, EGLint> EglManager::createSurface(EGLNativeWindowType window,ColorMode colorMode,sk_sp<SkColorSpace> colorSpace) {EGLSurface surface = eglCreateWindowSurface(mEglDisplay, wideColorGamut ? mEglConfigWideGamut : mEglConfig, window, attribs);return surface;
}

注意看这里surface对象被从ANativeWindow类型转换成了EGLNativeWindowType类型，EGLNativeWindowType被定义在EGL模块。

//EGL/eglplatform.h
#elif defined(__ANDROID__) || defined(ANDROID)
struct ANativeWindow;
struct egl_native_pixmap_t;typedef void*                           EGLNativeDisplayType;
typedef struct egl_native_pixmap_t*     EGLNativePixmapType;
typedef struct ANativeWindow*           EGLNativeWindowType;
#elif defined(USE_OZONE)

EGL的eglplatform.h头文件定义了在Android平台，EGLNativeWindowType就是ANativeWindow*类型，安卓native层的Surface对象作为ANativeWindow的实现，被作为参数传递给eglCreateWindowSurface方法创建了EGLSurface对象，后续eglSwapBuffersWithDamageKHR交换缓冲区也是这个对象。

5. DrawFrameTask

//DrawFrameTask.cpp
void DrawFrameTask::run() {ATRACE_NAME("DrawFrame");bool canUnblockUiThread;bool canDrawThisFrame;{TreeInfo info(TreeInfo::MODE_FULL, *mContext);canUnblockUiThread = syncFrameState(info);canDrawThisFrame = info.out.canDrawThisFrame;if (mFrameCompleteCallback) {mContext->addFrameCompleteListener(std::move(mFrameCompleteCallback));mFrameCompleteCallback = nullptr;}}// Grab a copy of everything we needCanvasContext* context = mContext;std::function<void(int64_t)> callback = std::move(mFrameCallback);mFrameCallback = nullptr;// From this point on anything in "this" is *UNSAFE TO ACCESS*if (canUnblockUiThread) {unblockUiThread();}// Even if we aren't drawing this vsync pulse the next frame number will still be accurateif (CC_UNLIKELY(callback)) {context->enqueueFrameWork([callback, frameNr = context->getFrameNumber()]() { callback(frameNr); });}if (CC_LIKELY(canDrawThisFrame)) {context->draw();} else {// wait on fences so tasks don't overlap next framecontext->waitOnFences();}if (!canUnblockUiThread) {unblockUiThread();}
}

UI线程（主线程）在RenderThread添加一个新的任务，执行DrawFrameTask的run()方法，UI线程阻塞等待RenderThread从UI线程同步完绘制所需要的信息之后，包括各个RenderNode的DisplayList、RenderProperties等属性，同步完判读是否能unblockUiThread发出信号，UI线程才能退出继续执行其他任务，重点关注context->draw();方法。

void CanvasContext::draw() {Frame frame = mRenderPipeline->getFrame();	// dequeueBuffersetPresentTime();SkRect windowDirty = computeDirtyRect(frame, &dirty);bool drew = mRenderPipeline->draw(frame, windowDirty, dirty, mLightGeometry, &mLayerUpdateQueue,mContentDrawBounds, mOpaque, mLightInfo, mRenderNodes,&(profiler()));int64_t frameCompleteNr = getFrameNumber();waitOnFences();bool requireSwap = false;int error = OK;// queueBufferbool didSwap =mRenderPipeline->swapBuffers(frame, drew, windowDirty, mCurrentFrameInfo, &requireSwap);
}

CanvasContext::draw执行一系列渲染操作，将绘制结果呈现到显示设备上。

获取帧。mRenderPipeline->getFrame()，作为图形队列中的生产者，getFrame通过gui模块的Surface对象dequeueBuffer申请GraphicBuffer，Surface对象由上文的setSurface方法传递过来。
计算脏区域（需要更新的区域）。computeDirtyRect(frame, &dirty)
绘制当前帧。mRenderPipeline->draw，向申请的GraphicBuffer中填充数据。
等待所有任务完成。waitOnFences
交换缓冲区并提交渲染结果。mRenderPipeline->swapBuffers，填充完成后通过gui模块的Surface对象queueBuffer将GraphicBuffer加入队列中。

5.1 draw

mRenderPipeline->draw

void SkiaPipeline::renderFrame(const LayerUpdateQueue& layers, const SkRect& clip,const std::vector<sp<RenderNode>>& nodes, bool opaque,const Rect& contentDrawBounds, sk_sp<SkSurface> surface,const SkMatrix& preTransform) {// Initialize the canvas for the current frame, that might be a recording canvas if SKP// capture is enabled.SkCanvas* canvas = tryCapture(surface.get(), nodes[0].get(), layers);// draw all layers up frontrenderLayersImpl(layers, opaque);renderFrameImpl(clip, nodes, opaque, contentDrawBounds, canvas, preTransform);endCapture(surface.get());if (CC_UNLIKELY(Properties::debugOverdraw)) {renderOverdraw(clip, nodes, contentDrawBounds, surface, preTransform);}ATRACE_NAME("flush commands");surface->getCanvas()->flush();}

tryCapture：Returns the canvas that records the drawing commands.
renderFrameImpl：执行绘制命令。
endCapture：Signal that the caller is done recording.
surface->getCanvas()->flush();刷新fBytes缓存。

renderFrameImpl执行DisplayList记录的绘制操作，实际调用SkCanvas的绘制命令，例如canvas->drawRect(bounds, layerPaint)，RecordingCanvas继承自SkCanvas，调用其onDrawRect方法：

void RecordingCanvas::onDrawRect(const SkRect& rect, const SkPaint& paint) {fDL->drawRect(rect, paint);
}

fDL是DisplayListData* fDL;对象

void DisplayListData::drawRect(const SkRect& rect, const SkPaint& paint) {this->push<DrawRect>(0, rect, paint);
}

template <typename T, typename... Args>
void* DisplayListData::push(size_t pod, Args&&... args) {size_t skip = SkAlignPtr(sizeof(T) + pod);SkASSERT(skip < (1 << 24));if (fUsed + skip > fReserved) {static_assert(SkIsPow2(SKLITEDL_PAGE), "This math needs updating for non-pow2.");// Next greater multiple of SKLITEDL_PAGE.fReserved = (fUsed + skip + SKLITEDL_PAGE) & ~(SKLITEDL_PAGE - 1);fBytes.realloc(fReserved);}SkASSERT(fUsed + skip <= fReserved);auto op = (T*)(fBytes.get() + fUsed);fUsed += skip;new (op) T{std::forward<Args>(args)...};op->type = (uint32_t)T::kType;op->skip = skip;return op + 1;
}

fBytes是SkAutoTMalloc<uint8_t> fBytes;，保存了所有绘制操作的内存空间，DisplayListData::push向其添加绘制操作，然后调用displayList->draw(canvas)读取保存的数据开始真正的绘制操作：

void DisplayListData::draw(SkCanvas* canvas) const {SkAutoCanvasRestore acr(canvas, false);this->map(draw_fns, canvas, canvas->getTotalMatrix());
}

draw_fn定义在"DisplayListOps.in"。

#define X(T)                                                    \[](const void* op, SkCanvas* c, const SkMatrix& original) { \((const T*)op)->draw(c, original);                      \},
static const draw_fn draw_fns[] = {
#include "DisplayListOps.in"
};
#undef X

DisplayListOps.in定义了所有的绘制方法，X(T)宏生成一个 lambda 表达式，将 const void* 类型的对象转换为 T 类型，并调用该类型的 draw 方法来执行绘制操作。

X(Flush)
X(Save)
X(Restore)...
X(Scale)
X(Translate)
X(ClipPath)
X(ClipRect)
X(ClipRRect)...
X(DrawPaint)
X(DrawBehind)
X(DrawPath)
X(DrawRect)...

例如DrawRect：

struct Op {uint32_t type : 8;uint32_t skip : 24;
};
struct DrawRect final : Op {static const auto kType = Type::DrawRect;DrawRect(const SkRect& rect, const SkPaint& paint) : rect(rect), paint(paint) {}SkRect rect;SkPaint paint;void draw(SkCanvas* c, const SkMatrix&) const { c->drawRect(rect, paint); }
};

DisplayListData::map是一个模板方法，遍历查找fBytes中是否存在Type::DrawRect，如果存在调用drawRect(rect, paint)。

template <typename Fn, typename... Args>
inline void DisplayListData::map(const Fn fns[], Args... args) const {auto end = fBytes.get() + fUsed;for (const uint8_t* ptr = fBytes.get(); ptr < end;) {auto op = (const Op*)ptr;auto type = op->type;auto skip = op->skip;if (auto fn = fns[type]) {  // We replace no-op functions with nullptrsfn(op, args...);        // to avoid the overhead of a pointless call.}ptr += skip;}
}

5.2 swapBuffers

最终SkiaOpenGLPipeline通过EglManager调用eglSwapBuffersWithDamageKHR交换指定的脏区域的缓冲区内容提交当前帧，EGL 的工作机制是双缓冲模式，一个 Back Frame Buffer 和一个 Front Frame Buffer，正常绘制操作的目标都是 Back Frame Buffer，渲染完毕之后，调用eglSwapBuffersWithDamageKHR这个 API，会将绘制完毕的 Back Frame Buffer 与当前的 Front Frame Buffer 进行交换，buffer被EGL渲染完成。